We also added bulk, unpackaged seeds to the list of regulated articles due to their potential for infestation by. Khapra beetle is considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of stored food products. Khapra beetle is a regulated quarantine pest in many countries and. Analysis of phytosanitary risk of the khaprabeetle trogoderma granarium for the territory of the russian. Trogoderma granarium wikispecies, free species directory. Dosage schedulethe commodity shall be considered free from live khapra beetles if it. National khapra beetle survey, taxonomic, and specimen routing. It can cause losses of up to 75% from direct feeding.
The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. Any trade of a good that comes from a known khapra beetle country must be associated with a phytosanitary certificate declaring the product is free from khapra beetle. Dosage schedule the commodity shall be considered free from live khapra beetles if it. We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations. Small brown beetles, larvae or cast skins infesting grain, dried food and cereal products.
A phytosanitary certifi cate or phytosanitary certifi cate of reexport with the same. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is a destructive pest that can reproduce rapidly in stored products under hot conditions and is a significant biosecurity risk to australia. Mating occurs 5 days after emerging from pupation and egg laying occurs right after mating. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera.
Both adult and larva cause damage to the grains by chewing a hole and eating up kernel. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and eradications in australia and around the world working paper pdf available october 2016. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation. Khapra beetle at center for environmental and regulatory information systems. Dangerous and invasive khapra beetle intercepted at pearson. For smaller areas like cabinets, try using the surface traps. It can infest a wide variety of products 1, 2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in that state for years when food resources are scarce 3. The adult beetle is brown in color and small, between 23 millimeters long. Origin trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa. Khapra beetle is one of the most destructive stored grain pests, and infestations can destroy the quality of grain and other commodities rendering the product unfit for human consumption. Customers continue to demand grain that is totaly free from insect and.
It is very resilient and can survive in stored food, packaging and transport facilities in very low numbers under difficult conditions. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Countries of origin in question for this policy include much of africa. The larva is the most destructive life stage, as the adults only live for 23. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and. Fumigation with mbr at 80gm3 for 48 hours at 21 degree celcius. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the family dermestidae contains a number of species that are pests of stored products, the most serious of which is t. Publication date 1954 topics khapra beetle publisher washington. Khapra beetle is one of the most destructive stored grain pests. It can infest a wide variety of products 1,2 and larvae can enter diapause and remain in that state for years when food resources are scarce.
There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on. Any imports of these products require a phytosanitary certificate stating the product is inspected and cleaned. Vnih spectra for khapra beetle, warehouse beetle, and other native trogoderma species that could potentially be mistaken for khapra beetle. The goal of the national survey is to determine if the u. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its resistance to many insecticides. The khapra beetle, considered to be one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds, probably originated from regions now including india and bangladesh, but has since spread to other areas including northern and eastern africa, southern europe and the mediterranean region, the mideast, and east into asia. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle causes huge grain loss and destroys stored grains in a short time. Native to india, khapra beetle has spread to other countries in africa, the middle east, the near east, pockets of europe and eastern asia. Khapra beetle is within the scope of wikiproject beetles, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to beetles. Mid this article has been rated as midimportance on the projects importance scale. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides.
Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium department of agriculture. The adult khapra beetle has a smooth, oval shaped body. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Bell, in food and beverage stability and shelf life, 2011. Trade issues related to this status took over 15 years to rectify and prove that australia is free of khapra beetle butcher. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta. Seizure of khapra beetleinfested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08. Infested grain also becomes contaminated with beetles, cast skins and hairs from larvae, which can be a health risk and are difficult to remove from grain.
Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and eradications in australia and around the world working paper pdf available october 2016 with 1,146 reads how we measure reads. Bioassays and methodologies for insecticide tests with. Khapra beetle is a destructive pest that can reproduce rapidly in stored products under hot conditions. The khapra beetle does not present any direct ecological threats to an environment as an invasive species.
New insecticide treatment options would be beneficial for control programs for trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, in the united states. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle a threat to our grain. Any place in the home where you have found khapra beetles to be active. This spray will break the cycle by killing off emerging larva which will be hatching from eggs that have been laid undetected or hidden from view. Spicisetae of various lengths are arranged over the dorsal surface and a brush of long spicisetae on the ninth abdominal segment projects posteriorly like a tail. The khapra beetle is one of the most dangerous pests of grain and products of its reprocessing in. Khapra beetle program manual, trogoderma granarium. Dec 11, 2018 pdf on dec 11, 2018, usman khalique and others published khapra beetle. Larval and adult keys are available for the identification of species of economic importance in north america gorham, 1987, for use in the tropics haines, 1991, and for the identification of adults of the few stored. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, a serious pest of stored grains and other food products in india and elsewhere, has recently been found in 23 counties of california, arizona, and new mexico. Canada this shipment has been inspected and found free of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium treatment.
Dangerous and invasive khapra beetle intercepted at. The number of recorded intercepts and eradications of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium have increased in australia and the united states in recent years. Indirect effects of its introduction are of greatest concern from a human perspective. And once the insect buries itself inside a shipment, it. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts is one of the worlds most. Description top of page larva the larvae are typically very hairy. Khapra beetle simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. They will fit better and perform better in tight areas. Khapra beetle definition of khapra beetle by merriamwebster. Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is a serious pest of stored grain and dry foodstuffs worldwide.
In fact, it has been described as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide lowe et al. The khapra beetle wall mount trap kit contains all supplies necessary to complete a khapra beetle survey. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope. The khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north africa and the indian subcontinent. Excellent monitoring device which should be used in conjunction with the other treatments listed in our on line article. Bioassays and methodologies for insecticide tests with larvae. The state department of agriculture is conducting an eradication program against it in california.
Many ships harbour endemic populations, larvae remaining concealed behind paint or rust scale, and because of its notoriety the species is on the quarantine pest list of. Pdf concern has been expressed that stored grain pests. Khapra beetles definition of khapra beetles by the free. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium by united states. Khapra beetle national invasive species information.
North american approach to prevent entry, establishment. It thrives on hot, dry conditions and has proved exceptionally difficult to control. Electronic data information source publicaton eeny372 in667. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insects ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and lowmoisture food, and its. A dermestid beetle that is a destructive pest of stored grain, especially in south asia and africa. Methods and results we are developing two major diagnostic tools to distinguish native trogoderma species from khapra beetle collected from different geographical regions of the world. Khapra beetle is found throughout asia, africa, the middle east and europe, in the following countries. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. This includes garages, basements, laundry rooms and pantries. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and. There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on our exportorientated grain industry.
Life cycle mated females live 47 days, while unmated females live from 2030 days. Usa this shipment has been inspected and found free of khapra beetle trogoderma granarium treatment. New regulated countries and regulated articles, 4300943011 201517842 download as pdf federal register vol. Khapra beetle are occasionally intercepted at ports by the australian. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and also. Order coleoptera family dermestidae advertisements. Complete development from egg to adult depends on temperature and can last anywhere from 26 to 220 days. Insects free fulltext bioassays and methodologies for. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds. Be aware of any khapra beetle biosecurity measures that may be in place for incoming goods and conveyances. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years.
It is a voracious feeder of grain products, can tolerate colder climates and is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in a diapausal state for up to six years. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and. Empty cabinets and treat with baygon aerosol in all cracks and crevices where adults like to lay eggs. Khapra beetle definition is a dermestid beetle trogoderma granarium that is native to the indian subcontinent and is now a serious pest of stored grain in most parts of the world. Oct 11, 2016 khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions and eradications in australia and around the world working paper pdf available october 2016 with 1,146 reads how we measure reads. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts hilgardia. Dermestidae 2 by commerce into some areas of similar climatic conditions anonymous 1981. Young larvae feed on damaged seeds, while the older larvae feed on whole grains. Trogoderma granarium everts the khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north. They are known as dirty feeders because they spoil more grain than they eat with shed larval and pupal skin, broken body parts and hair george and paul 2010. Reduced grain seed viability and loss of stored grain seeds can threaten largescale agriculture and international trade, hence the significant focus by. Values for alcoholic stability and free fatty acids increased. Pdf khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium interceptions. Australia maintains khapra beetle import restrictions on all types of seeds, nuts, spices, dried fruits and vegetables, and any unprocessed agricultural products.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Trogoderma granarium everts, the khapra beetle, is one of the most destructive stored product pests of stored commodities and processed goods throughout the world. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is one of the most serious pests of stored grain products, especially under hot and dry conditions. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is one of the worlds most feared storedproduct pests. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is a dermestid pest of stored grain from india, now established in british malt stores. Pdf on dec 11, 2018, usman khalique and others published khapra beetle.
The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, a small beetle native to the indian subcontinent, is a serious pest in most parts of the world. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle zoology for ias. We are adopting as a final rule, with changes, an interim rule that amended the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries, updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices and country names that have changed since the regulations were originally published, and removing the list of countries where khapra beetle is known. Analysis of phytosanitary risk of khapra beetle trogoderma. Ecological work in these stores and laboratory experiments. Insect and mite penetration and contamination of packaged foods. Discard any food item suspected of harboring larval or adults. University of florida, university of florida, institute of food and agricultural sciences extension. Larvae also leave cast skin in the grains, reducing their marketability. Seizure of khapra beetle infested cumin in us may bring exports down 28 mar, 2016, 08.